compound introduction
根据国家职业安全与健康研究所（NIOSH）的报告，一氧化二氮可能导致发育毒性和女性生殖毒性。
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nitrous oxide
Dangerous GoodsCAS number：10024-97-2 molecular formula：N2O
overview
Specs
| Chinese alias | 氧化亚氮;一氧化氮;笑气 | ||
| English alias | Dinitrogenmonoxide; Dinitrogen oxide; Dinitrogen oxide (N2O); Factitious air; Hyponitrousacid anhydride; Laughing gas; Nitrous oxide; R 744A | ||
| CAS number | 10024-97-2 | molecular formula | N2O |
| molecular weight | 44.013 | Exact mass | - |
| PSA | 19.1 | logp | 0.5 |
numbering system
| CAS | 10024-97-2 |
| UNII | K50XQU1029 |
| RXCUI | 7486 |
| HMDB ID | HMDB0035807 |
| KEGG ID | D00102 |
| ChEBI ID | 17045 |
| Wikidata | Q905750 |
| ChEMBL ID | CHEMBL1234579 |
| UN Number | 2201 |
| Wikipedia | Nitrous oxide |
| DrugBank ID | DB06690 |
| DrugCentral | 4238 |
| FEMA Number | FEMA Number: 2779 |
| ICSC Number | 0067 |
| PharmGKB ID | PA450645 |
| PubChem CID | 948 |
| MetaboLights | MTBLC17045 |
| RTECS Number | QX1350000 |
| Deprecated CAS | 850203-00-8 |
| Nikkaji Number | J2.255.097G |
| NCI Thesaurus Code | C73617 |
| DSSTox Substance ID | DTXSID8021066 |
| European Community (EC) Number | 233-032-0 |
| PubChem Reference Collection SID | 481108002 |
| MEP ID | _25Q1B3FLR |
physicochemical properties
| LogP | 0.36 |
| Odor | Weak, pleasant odor |
| Taste | Slightly sweetish |
| XLogP3 | XLogP3-AA: 0.5 |
| Density | 1.53(relative gas density) |
| Viscosity | 0.0145 cP at 25 °C at 101.325 KPa (gas) |
| Color/Form | Colorless gas [Note: Shipped as a liquified compressed gas] |
| Complexity | 25.8 |
| Exact Mass | 44.001062628 |
| Solubility | (77 °F): 0.1% |
| Human Drugs | General anaesthetics and oxygen > Inhalational medicines |
| Animal Drugs | Active Ingredients (Nitrous Oxide) -> FDA Greenbook |
| Boiling Point | -127 °F |
| Decomposition | This compound decomposes explosively at high temperatures. |
| Formal Charge | 0 |
| Melting Point | -132 °F |
| Vapor Density | 1.53 |
| Food Additives | FLAVOR ENHANCER, PROPELLANT -> FDA Substance added to food |
| Vapor Pressure | 51.3 atm |
| Surface Tension | 1.75 dynes/cm at 20 °C in contact with vapor |
| Chemical Classes | Toxic Gases & Vapors -> Other Toxic Gases & Vapors |
| Heavy Atom Count | 3 |
| Molecular Weight | 44.013 |
| Refractive Index | Index of refraction: 1.000516 at 0 °C/D, 1 atmosphere, 0.5893 um |
| Monoisotopic Mass | 44.001062628 |
| Isotope Atom Count | 0 |
| Endocrine Disruptors | Potential endocrine disrupting compound |
| Heat of Vaporization | 16.54 kJ/mol at -88.48 °C |
| Ionization Potential | 12.89 eV |
| Physical Description | Colorless gas with a slightly sweet odor. [inhalation anesthetic] [Note: Shipped as a liquefied compressed gas.] |
| Rotatable Bond Count | 0 |
| Stability/Shelf Life | Very stable and rather inert chemically at room temperatures. |
| Kovats Retention Index | Standard non-polar: 182 |
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count | 0 |
| Covalently-Bonded Unit Count | 1 |
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count | 2 |
| Topological Polar Surface Area | 19.1 Ų |
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Defined Bond Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count | 0 |
Safety information
DOT Label：
Non-Flammable Gas Oxidizer
First Aid：
Breathing: Fresh air
Body Burden：
Therapeutic nitrous oxide blood-level 290-440 mg/L, 29-44 mg/dL
Fire Hazards：
Not combustible but enhances combustion of other substances. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire. Risk of fire and explosion. See Chemical Dangers.
Safe Storage：
Fireproof if in building. Separated from reducing agents and combustible substances. Cool.
Fire Fighting：
In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media. In case of fire: keep cylinder cool by spraying with water. Combat fire from a sheltered position.
Target Organs：
respiratory system, central nervous system, reproductive system
Eye Prevention：
Wear safety goggles or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.
Fire Potential：
Does not burn but is flammable by chemical reaction and supports combustion.
Health Hazards：
ERG2024, Guide 122 (Nitrous oxide; Nitrous oxide, compressed; Nitrous oxide, refrigerated liquid): · Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic gases.
Reactive Group：
Oxidizing Agents, Weak
Adverse Effects：
* Subacute myeloneuropathy: Nitrous oxide use disorder can cause a severe but potentially reversible myeloneuropathy characterized by axonal sensorimotor neuropathy.
Cleanup Methods：
Spill handling: If in a building, evacuate building and confine vapors by closing doors and shutting down HVAC systems. Restrict persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Ventilate area of spill or leak to disperse the gas. Wear chemical protective suit with self-contained breathing apparatus to combat spills. Stay upwind and use water spray to "knock down" vapor; contain runoff. Stop the flow of gas, if it can be done safely from a distance. If source is a cylinder and the leak cannot be stopped in place, remove the leaking cylinder to a safe place and repair leak or allow cylinder to empty. If flow cannot be stopped, allow it to flow into a mixture of caustic soda and slaked lime and dispose of the resul...
Exposure Routes：
inhalation, skin and/or eye contact (liquid)
Fire Prevention：
NO contact with combustible substances. Closed system, ventilation, explosion-proof electrical equipment and lighting.
Hazards Summary：
Nitrous oxide is a simple asphyxiant; it has caused neuropathy when abused for its euphoric effects. The TLV basis is CNS impairment, hematologic effect, and embryo/fetal damage. Rats exposed for 2 or more days to 80% NO and 20% O2 have altered hematopoiesis. At 1000 ppm, NO inactivates vitamin B12. [ACGIH] Possible frostbite from contact with liquid; [NIOSH] In substance abuse cases with peripheral neuropathy, nitrous oxide was administered at 300,000 to 800,000 ppm (30-80%) for 30-60 minutes per day, 2-7 days a week for 3 months to several years. [CHEMINFO]
Inhalation Risk：
A harmful concentration of this gas in the air will be reached very quickly on loss of containment.
Skin Prevention：
Cold-insulating gloves.
Special Reports：
IPCS; Poisons Information Monograph PIM381: Nitrous oxide (February 1992). Poisons Information Monographs (PIM) are a global database with evaluated information on substances commonly involved in cases of poisoning.[Available from, as of February 26, 2016 http://www.inchem.org/pages/pims.html]
DOT ID and Guide：
2201 122(refrigerated liquid)
Disposal Methods：
Product: Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.
FDA Requirements：
Substance added directly to human food affirmed as generally recognized as safe (GRAS).
Flammable Limits：
Flammability: Nonflammable Gas, but supports combustion at elevated temperatures.
Physical Dangers：
The gas is heavier than air and may accumulate in lowered spaces causing a deficiency of oxygen.
Toxicity Summary：
When nitrous oxide is used recurrently (during occupational exposure or as a drug of abuse), it may lead to megaloblastic anemia with neurologic dysfunction. This situation also may occur in patients with an unrecognized cobalamin deficiency (vegans, pernicious anemia, hereditary disorders of cobalamin, and folate metabolism). Subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord (SACD) and death is reported with repeated exposure in a case of a rare congenital 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) deficiency.
Spillage Disposal：
Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Personal protection: self-contained breathing apparatus. Ventilation. NEVER direct water jet on liquid. If liquid: do NOT absorb in saw-dust or other combustible components.
UN Classification：
UN Hazard Class: 2.2; UN Subsidiary Risks: 5.1
Environmental Fate：
ATMOSPHERIC FATE: Nitrous oxide has an atmospheric lifetime of 114 years. The Global Warming Potential = 298 (100-year)(1).
First Aid Measures：
Eye First Aid: First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.
Reactivity Profile：
NITROUS OXIDE, REFRIGERATED LIQUID is a weak oxidizing agent. Nonflammable but supports combustion. Can explode at high temperature (after vaporization). Vapors may undergo a violent reaction with aluminum, boron, hydrazine, lithium hydride, phenyllithium, phosphine, sodium, tungsten carbide [Bretherick, 5th ed., 1995, p. 1686]. Contact of the cold liquefied gas with water may result in vigorous or violent boiling. If the water is hot, a liquid "superheat" explosion may occur. Pressures may build to dangerous levels if liquefied gas contacts water in a closed container [Handling Chemicals Safely 1980].
Signs and Symptoms：
dyspnea (breathing difficulty); drowsiness, headache; asphyxia; reproductive effects; liquid: frostbite
Storage Conditions：
Cylinders containing 50% nitrous oxide and 50% oxygen should be protected from the cold to prevent separation of the gases. Cylinders exposed to temperatures lower than -7 °C should be rolled at room temperature to ensure mixing or alternatively stores horizontally for 24 hours at a temperature of not less than 10 °C.
Exposure Prevention：
STRICT HYGIENE!
Ecotoxicity Excerpts：
/AQUATIC SPECIES/ High triploid rates (> 90%) were induced when newly fertilized rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) eggs were exposed to nitrous oxide (N2O) at elevated pressure (11 atm) for 0-30 or 0-60 min following fertilization. The triploid yield was lowered following exposure for the longer time period. Triploid rates and therefore triploid yields were reduced following exposure at a lower pressure (5 atm). Treatment of eggs with N2O at 1 atm caused no alteration in the triploidy rate.
Firefighting Hazards：
Exposure of the container to prolonged heat or fire can cause it to rupture violently and rocket.
History and Incidents：
August 28, 2016, Airgas nitrous oxide decomposition reaction and explosion, Nitrous Oxide, 1 fatality
Human Toxicity Values：
Lethal nitrous oxide blood level 350 mg/L, 35 mg/dL
Inhalation Prevention：
Use ventilation. Use local exhaust or breathing protection.
NIOSH Recommendations：
Recommended Exposure Limit: Time-Weighted Average: 25 ppm (46 mg/cu m) (TWA over the time exposed) [Note: REL for exposure to waste anesthetic gas].
Nonfire Spill Response：
Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid. Do not direct water at spill or source of leak. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Allow substance to evaporate. Isolate area until gas has dispersed. CAUTION: When in contact with refrigerated/cryogenic liquids, many materials become brittle and are likely to break without warning. (ERG, 2024)
Air and Water Reactions：
No rapid reaction with air. No rapid reaction with water.
CSL Reaction Information：
Create Date: 10/19/2022
Isolation and Evacuation：
Evacuation: ERG2024, Guide 122 (Nitrous oxide; Nitrous oxide, compressed; Nitrous oxide, refrigerated liquid): · If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.
DOT Hazard Classification：
Placard/Label(s)
Natural Pollution Sources：
Nitrous oxide is found in the air as part of the earth's natural nitrogen cycle. The compound remains in the atmosphere for about 114 years(1). It is present in the environment at concentrations ranging from 0.25 to 0.29 ppm, arising from biodegradation of organic nitrogen compounds that occur in soil(2).
Non-Human Toxicity Values：
LC50 Rat inhalation 160 mg/cu m/6 hr
Toxic Combustion Products：
Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire.
Respirator Recommendations：
Important additional information about respirator selection
Accidental Release Measures：
Spill or Leak: ERG2024, Guide 122 (Nitrous oxide; Nitrous oxide, compressed; Nitrous oxide, refrigerated liquid): CAUTION: When in contact with refrigerated/cryogenic liquids, many materials become brittle and are likely to break without warning.
Populations at Special Risk：
Nitrous oxide is not recommended for anesthesia and analgesia in patients with head injuries, impaired consciousness, facial injuries, the very young and the very old, pneumothorax, decompression sickness and heavy sedation including the effects of alcohol. Nitrous oxide diffuses into gas-filled body cavities and care is essential when using it in at-risk patients (eg. gaseous abdominal distension, pneumothorax, or similar cavities in pericardium or peritoneum).
Artificial Pollution Sources：
Many chemical compounds present in Earth's atmosphere behave as 'greenhouse gases'. These are gases which allow direct sunlight (relative shortwave energy) to reach the Earth's surface unimpeded. As the shortwave energy (that in the visible and ultraviolet portion of the spectra) heats the surface, longer-wave (infrared) energy (heat) is reradiated to the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases absorb this energy, thereby allowing less heat to escape back to space, and 'trapping' it in the lower atmosphere. Many greenhouse gases occur naturally in the atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and nitrous oxide, while others are synthetic. Those that are man-made include the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and Perfluorocarbons (PFCs), as well as sulfur hexafluo...
Evidence for Carcinogenicity：
A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.
Threshold Limit Values (TLV)：
TLV-TWA (Time Weighted Average): 50 ppm [1986]
Effects of Long Term Exposure：
The substance may have effects on the bone marrow and nervous system. May cause reproductive toxicity in humans.
Hazard Classes and Categories：
Specific target organ toxicity - Repeated exposure - Category 1 (nervous system, hematopoietic system)
Effects of Short Term Exposure：
The liquid may cause frostbite. The substance may cause effects on the central nervous system. This may result in lowering of consciousness.
Explosive Limits and Potential：
A mixture of nitrous oxide and phosphine can be exploded by a spark.
Standard Transportation Number：
49 043 45; Nitrous oxide, refrigerated liquid
Antidote and Emergency Treatment：
Emergency and supportive measures: Maintain an open airway and assist ventilation if necessary. Administer high-flow supplemental oxygen. After significant asphyxia, anticipate and treat coma, seizures, and cardiac arrhythmias. Specific drugs and antidotes: Chronic effects may resolve over 2-3 months after discontinuation of exposure. Vitamin B12 and folic acid supplementation is indicated to correct underlying deficiencies. Successful treatment with methionine has been reported. Decontamination: Remove victims from exposure and give supplemental oxygen if available. Enhanced elimination: These procedures are not effective.
Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)：
none
Protective Action Criteria (PAC)：
PAC-3: 13000 [ppm]
Recommended Exposure Limit (REL)：
TWA 25 ppm (46 mg/m3) (TWA over the time exposed) [*Note: REL for exposure to waste anesthetic gas.]
Shipment Methods and Regulations：
The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. Nitrous oxide and nitrous oxide, refrigerated liquid are included on the dangerous goods list.
Critical Temperature and Pressure：
Critical temperature: 309.52 K; critical pressure: 7.245 MPa
Occupational Exposure Limits (OEL)：
MAK (Maximale Arbeitsplatz Konzentration): 180 mg/m
Other Environmental Concentrations：
The estimated total nitrogen loss in the European Union in 2008 was approximately 13 Mton with 3% as nitrous oxide(1). It was observed that the removal of the litter layer of a subtropical pine plantation in China reduced nitrous oxide soil emissions by 15%(2).
Shipping Name/ Number DOT/UN/NA/IMO：
IMO 2.2; Nitrous oxide; Nitrous oxide, refrigerated liquid
Effects During Pregnancy and Lactation：
A randomized study compared intravenous meperidine 50 mg to inhaled nitrous oxide for labor analgesia. A higher percentage of mothers receiving nitrous oxide were able to breastfeed immediately after birth (95% vs 88%), but the difference was not statistically significant. There were no differences in breastfeeding rates at 24 hours after delivery or formula use.
Emergency Response Planning Guidelines：
Emergency Response: ERG2024, Guide 122 (Nitrous oxide; Nitrous oxide, compressed; Nitrous oxide, refrigerated liquid): · For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.
Exposure Control and Personal Protection：
Maximum Allowable Concentration (MAK): 100.0 [ppm]
Other Standards Regulations and Guidelines：
Global Warming Potential (GWP): Chemical: Nitrous oxide; GWP: 298 (100-Year Time Horizon)
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH)：
See: IDLH INDEX
Production methods and uses
Production method
Nitrous oxide is manufactured by the thermal decomposition of ammonium nitrate. Higher oxides of nitrogen are removed by passing the dry gas through a series of scrubbing towers.
purpose
Consumer Uses：
Semiconductor and photovoltaic agent
Industry Uses：
Etching agent
Household Products：
Household & Commercial/Institutional Products: • Inside the Home
Use Classification：
Cosmetics -> Propellant
General Manufacturing Information：
Industry Processing Sectors: Industrial Gas Manufacturing
Related
upstream information
Methods of Manufacturing：
Nitrous oxide (CID:948); ammonium nitrate (CID:22985)
downstream information
No downstream information yet
MSDS
Found 2 shareMSDS
10024-97-2 | Nitrous oxide [liquefied] | Nitrogen oxide (N2O)
10024-97-2 | Nitrous oxide [compressed] | nitrous oxide, compressed or liquefied | dinitrogen oxide
