Purpurogallin is a naturally phenol extracted from the plants of Quercus spp, has potent xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory activity with an IC 50 of 0.2 µM. Purpurogallin has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects In Vitro Purpurogallin (50 or 100 µM; 7 or 25 hours; BV2 murine microglial cells) treatment attenuates the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) by suppressing their mRNA and protein expression in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells. Purpurogallin (100 µM; 75-120 minutes; BV2 murine microglial cells) exhibits anti-inflammatory properties by suppressing the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells. MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only. RT-PCRCell Line: BV2 murine microglial cells Concentration: 50 or 100 µM Incubation Time: 7 or 25 hours Result: Attenuated the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) by suppressing their mRNA and protein expression. Western Blot AnalysisCell Line: BV2 murine microglial cells Concentration: 100 µM Incubation Time: 75 minutes, 90 minutes, 120 minutes Result: Suppressed the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. In Vivo Purpurogallin (100-400 μg/kg; intraperitoneal injection; for 48 or 72 hours; male Sprague-Dawley rats) exerts its neuroinflammation effect through the dual effect of inhibiting IL-6 and TNF-α mRNA expression and reducing HMGB1 protein and mRNA expression. MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only. Animal Model: Fifty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats (250-350 g) with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)Dosage: 100 μg/kg, 200 μg/kg, 400 μg/kg Administration: Intraperitoneal injection; for 48 or 72 hours Result: Dose-dependently reduced HMGB1 protein expression. High dose reduced TNF-α and HMGB1 mRNA levels. Form:Solid IC50& Target:IC50: 0.2 µM (xanthine oxidase)