The Health Benefits of Natural Extract Grape Seed
Grape Seed ExtractGrape Seed Extract Proanthocyanidin (GSPE) is a natural polyphenol compound belonging to diflavonoid derivatives that widely exists in the plant kingdom. These compounds are polymerized from different numbers of flavanols and heated in acidic solutions to generate leucoanthocy anins or proanthocy anidin, also known as pycnogenols. The most widely studied is the 5, 7, 3 ', 4' -tetrahy flavan-3 alcohol (5, 7, 3 ', 4' -tetrahy dro xyflavan-3 -o1), that is, (+) -catechin ((+) -catechin), (-) Epicatechin (-) -epicatechin is a unit polymerization of this kind of compound, also known as leucocyanidins or procy anidins. It has strong antioxidant properties and is generally found in the bark of fruits and the wood of plants. Its main function is to protect the easily oxidized components in plants. As early as the 1950s, French scientists discovered that a large amount of pine bark could be extractedProanthocyanidinThe extract can contain 85% proanthocyanidins.
In the 1970s, it was found that grape seeds were a better resource for extracting proanthocyanidins, and the content of proanthocyanidins in grape seed extracts could reach as high as 95%. Physicochemical properties and extraction physicochemical properties, grape seed extract proanthocyanidins are white powder, soluble in water, ethanol, methanol, acetone, also soluble in ethyl acetate, insoluble in ether, chloroform, benzene, etc. It has an astringent taste. UV has strong absorption at 280nm. Heating in an acidic solution degrades and oxidizes to form anthocyanidins (Bate-Smith reaction). Extraction and separation can be carried out by cold leaching of polar solvents such as methanol, ethanol, and acetone. The extracts are extracted with ethyl acetate or other solvents. The extracts are separated by column chromatography, including dextran gel column chromatography, MCL-gel CHP-20P column chromatography, chiral adsorption column chromatography, and high performance liquid chromatography.
The health function and antioxidant function of grape seed extract
In the 1980s, the impact of free radicals on health became increasingly recognized. Modern medicine and nutrition and health care believe that free radicals can directly cause many diseases in the human body, and are also related to the occurrence of other diseases. The Graduate School of the French Academy of Sciences has conducted experiments on the free radical scavenging activity of grape seed extract proanthocyanidins. The results show that grape seed extract proanthocyanidins is one of the most effective free radical scavengers discovered so far. Especially its in vivo activity is unmatched by other antioxidants. Bagchi. D In vivo experiments with mice, the protective effects of grape seed extract proanthocyanidins, VC, VE, and β-carotene on liver and brain tissue induced by TPA (12-O-tetrasunyl boverol-13-acetate) were compared. It was found that grape seed extract proanthocyanidins, VC, VE, and β-carotene could reduce the reactive oxygen species induced by TPA at a dose of 100 mg/kg BW. The reduction rates were 70%, 18%, 47% and 16% by peritoneal macrophage luminescence method, and 65%, 15%, 37% and 19% by cytochrome reduction method, respectively. It was also found that Grape seed extract proanthocyanidins have a dose-response relationship to inhibit the production of reactive oxygen species in peritoneal macrophages induced by TPA. The results show that grape seed extract proanthocyanidins can protect against oxidative damage. And its protective effect is better than other antioxidants. In addition, Bagchi. D's in vitro experiments also obtained similar results. The scavenging ability of grape seed extracts such as proanthocyanidins, VC, VE, β-carotene, superoxide dismutase, catalase and mannitol was determined by chemiluminescence and cytochrome C reduction respectively. The results showed that the inhibition of free radicals by grape seed extract proanthocyanidins was concentration-responsive. At a concentration of 100 mg/L, the inhibition ability of grape seed extract proanthocyanidins on superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals was 78% and 81%. Under the same conditions, the inhibition ability of Vc on the above two free radicals was 12% and 19%, VE was 50% and 75%, and the combined inhibition ability of superoxide dismutase and catalase was about 83%. The inhibition ability of mannitol on hydroxyl radicals was 87%, indicating that grape seed extract proanthocyanidins is a stronger free radical scavenger than VC and VE. To protect against cardiovascular and hypertension, grape seed extract proanthocyanidins are used to improve vascular resistance and reduce capillary permeability. Its antioxidant and antienzyme effects have been demonstrated by several in vivo experimental models that improve capillary permeability.
With the increase of age, the elastic fibers in the arteries become hard due to gradual oxidation, and arteriosclerosis is a major cause of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in the elderly. The increase of low-density lipoprotein and cholesterol in the body is also a key factor leading to arteriosclerosis and heart disease. Animal experiments and clinical studies have found that grape seed extract proanthocyanidins can effectively reduce cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein levels, prevent thrombosis, and help prevent the occurrence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. PreussHG and other studies have also shown that grape seed extract proanthocyanidins can work together with cadmium and zinc to reduce the increase in systolic blood pressure caused by aging in normal rats. In their experiment, the control group rats were given a basic diet, and the experimental group rats were added 5 mg/kg Gr, 18 mg/kg Zn, and 260 mg/kg grape seed extract proanthocyanidins to the basic diet. The initial blood pressure of the two groups of animals was 122 mmHg. After 7 months, the systolic blood pressure of the control group gradually rose to 140 mmHg. In contrast, the systolic blood pressure of the experimental group animals dropped to 110-114 mmHg in the first few months, and then rose to 120 mmHg in the next few months, which was significantly lower than that of the control group. The authors believe that the mechanism of aging and chronic diseases related to aging is related to tissue damage caused by glycosylation of protein/nucleic acid and increase of free radicals, and insulin resistance with aging may be the basis for glycosylation and free radical formation. In the study of grape seed extract proanthocyanidins, cadmium and zinc to improve insulin sensitivity, its mechanism of action is also to reduce the formation of free radicals. In addition, with age, the elastic fibers in the arteries gradually oxidize and harden, which is the main cause of hypertension in the elderly. Grape seed extract proanthocyanidins can reduce blood pressure by improving vascular elasticity. Animal experiments and clinical studies have also shown that it can reduce blood pressure by lowering cholesterol levels, reducing cholesterol deposition on blood vessel walls and inhibiting the activity of angiotensin. Anti-tumor effect, anti-cancer efficacy of grape seed extract proanthocyanidins There have been many studies reported abroad, among which the in vitro research results of S. S Joshi et al proved that grape seed extract proanthocyanidins have cytotoxicity to certain tumor cells. They used MCF-7 human breast cancer cells, A-427 human lung cancer cells, CRL1739 human gastric adenocarcinoma cells and K562 chronic myeloid leukemia cells in the experiment, and the concentration of grape seed extract proanthocyanidins used was 25 and 50 mg/L. The observation time point was 0-72 h, and compared with normal human gastric mucosal cells and normal J774A1 urethral epithelial cells, the results showed that 25 mg/L of grape seed extract proanthocyanidins was cytotoxic to MCF-7 human breast cancer cells, A-427 human lung cancer cells and CRL1739 human gastric adenocarcinoma cells. At 24, 48, and 72 h, the growth inhibition rates were 7%, 30%, and 43%, respectively; at 50 mg/L, the inhibition rates of MCF-7 human breast adenoma cells at the same time point were 1%, 30%, and 47%, respectively. Similar results were also observed for A-427 human lung cancer cells and CRL1739 human gastric adenocarcinoma cells. This effect was not observed for K562 chronic myeloid leukemia cells. At the same time, grape seed extract proanthocyanidin can improve the growth and survival ability of normal human gastric mucosal cells and normal J774A1 urethral epithelial cells. M. In the study of the relationship between tobacco and tumors, Bagchi et al. also studied the protective effects of grape seed extract proanthocyanidins on oxidative inhibition and apoptosis of human oral keratinocytes induced by tobacco extract (STE). According to statistics in the United States, about 1/3 of tumors are related to tobacco, and oral cancer accounts for about 3% of all tumors. In their experiments, they used normal human oral keratinocytes to study the effects of tobacco extract on lipid peroxidation (LP), cytochrome reduction (CCR), DNA fragments (DF) and apoptosis, and evaluated the protective effects of different antioxidants. ( Cells were isolated and cultured from human oral tissue and treated with STE (0-300 μg/mL) for 24 h, superoxide anion generation was detected by CCR, tissue oxidative damage was detected by LP and DF, and programmed cell death was detected by flow cytometry). Furthermore, the protective effects of 75 μmol/L VC, 75 μmol/L VE, VC + VE and 100 μmol/L grape seed extract proanthocyanidins on the above damage were compared. When the cells were treated with 300 μg/mL STE, LP and DF increased by 3.5 to 6 times, and the protection rate was 34% to 69% after the application of antioxidants. After the treatment with 100, 200, and 300 μg/mL STE, the programmed cell death was observed to increase by 9%, 29%, and 35%, respectively. After the use of antioxidants, the protection rate increased by 40% to 72%. Similar results can also be seen in LP, CCR, and DF experiments. By comparison, the author believes that grape seed extract proanthocyanidins have the best antioxidant effect among the antioxidants used.
Radiation resistance
The theory of free radicals is the basic theory of radiation damage. After the body is irradiated, endogenous free radicals can be produced, which can cause damage such as lipid peroxidation. The grape seed extract proanthocyanidins have the effect of scavenging free radicals and inhibiting oxidative damage. According to an experimental report, mice with S180 sarcoma were treated with local irradiation of 60 Co γ-rays, oral grape seed extract and local irradiation plus oral grape seed extract. On the 12th day after inoculation of tumor cells, the tumor weight, white blood cell count, splenic lymphocyte transformation rate and other indicators of the animals were detected. The results showed that the average tumor weight of the control group was higher than that of the other groups; the tumor inhibition rate of the irradiation plus high dose of grape seed extract was higher than that of the simple irradiation group and the simple oral grape seed extract group; the white blood cell count of the simple irradiation group was lower than that of the other groups. After statistical t or ◕ 2 test, the difference was significant (P < 0.05). The experimental results also showed that compared with the unirradiated group, the MDA level of the irradiated groups increased, which was obviously related to the strengthening of lipid peroxidation in the body and the accumulation of oxidation products in the body. The administration of grape seed extract could reduce the MDA level, and the greater the dose, the greater the reduction. It showed that grape seed extract could inhibit the lipid peroxidation induced by irradiation. This may be the main reason why grape seed extract is resistant to radiation damage. The Russians have long known about the protective effect of grape seed extract on radiation damage, and Soviet cosmonauts took a plant drink rich in procyanidins for a long time to prevent the radiation damage they received during spaceflight. The explosion at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in the Soviet Union caused severe nuclear pollution, and many people in the area suffered nuclear radiation damage. People living in the region were advised to drink a red wine called Crimean - a wine rich in procyanidins to mitigate the effects of nuclear leaks on the human body. Overall, the role of grape seed extract in resisting radiation damage is now increasingly valued by people. The rapid development of modern high-tech has brought great convenience to people's lives, production and work, such as televisions, computers, microwave ovens, mobile phones, etc., which not only bring material enjoyment to people, but also generate some electromagnetic radiation, which endangers human health. The application of grape seed extract to produce and develop some radiation-resistant health foods will have a wide range of application prospects.
anti-mutagenic effect
Mitochondrial anti-mutagenesis test, using the S228C (α-prototroph) cell line of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, using the (Respiratory Deficient) mutant as the manifestation of mitochondrial mutations, recorded the production rate of mutants, the test results showed that the grape seed extract proanthocyanidins at 0, 0.25, 0.5 mg/mL, the mutation incidence was 1.7 × 10-2, 0.9 × 10-2, 0.6 × 10-2, respectively, the control group and the experimental group were 1, 0.5, 0.35. It can be seen that grape seed extract proanthocyanidins can effectively reduce the incidence of mitochondrial mutations. Nuclear anti-mutation test, using Saccharomyces cerevisiae S228C (α-pro to tro ph) cell line, recorded the number of L-canavanine (L-canavanine) sensitive mutations to L-canavanine tolerant type, the test results showed that the grape seed extract proanthocyanidins at 0, 0.25, 0.5mg/mL, the incidence of nuclear mutations were 1.95 × 10-8, 0.25 × 10-8, 0.15 × 10-8, respectively; the ratio of control group to test group was 1, 0.12, 0.08, respectively, and the nuclear mutation rate of test group was reduced by 88%~ 92%. Skin health care and cosmetic effects, grape seed extract enjoys the reputation of "skin vitamins" and "oral cosmetics" in Europe, America and other countries. Skin belongs to connective tissue, and the collagen and elastin contained in it play an important role in the entire structure of the skin. Moderate cross-linking of collagen can maintain the integrity of the skin, while free radical oxidation in the body can cause excessive cross-linking, which can appear as wrinkles and vesicles on the skin. Grape seed extract can promote moderate cross-linking of collagen and effectively remove free radicals, thereby keeping the skin supple and smooth. In addition, elastin can make the skin elastic, and skin that lacks elastin is loose and weak, making people look old. Elastin can be degraded by free radicals or elastin, and grape seed extract has the ability to scavenge free radicals, block the production of elastin, and inhibit its activity, thus improving skin health.
Some people have conducted in vitro anti-enzyme tests on grape seed extract, and the results showed that the IC50 (μmol/L) of grape seed extract proanthocyanidins to xanthine oxidase, elastase, collagenase, hyaluronidase, and β-glucuronidase were 2.4, 4.24, 38, 80, and 1.1, respectively. It can be seen that it has significant inhibitory effects on the above enzymes. Anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory effects, the anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effects of grape seed extract proanthocyanidins have been noticed as early as the 1950s. Its antioxidant activity allows it to inhibit the synthesis and release of inflammatory factors such as histamine, serotonin, prostaglandin and leukotriene, and inhibit the release of allergic particles by basophils and mast cells, thus effectively improving skin allergy symptoms and allergic asthma symptoms. In addition, it can also inhibit the activity of histamine decarboxylase and limit the effect of hyaluronidase, so it has a significant effect on various arthritis and gastric and duodenal ulcers. To improve visual function, some people have conducted human trials on the effect of grape seed extract proanthocyanidins on improving eye fatigue. 75 patients with eye fatigue due to long-term work in front of a display screen were given 300 mg of grape seed extract proanthocyanidins every day. After 2 months, their relative sensitivity and objective symptoms were significantly improved. In a clinical trial of visual effects in myopic patients, 200 patients with myopic retinal non-inflammatory changes were given grape seed extract proanthocyanidins, 150 mg per day for a total of 2 months. Compared before and after the trial, the subjects' vision was significantly improved. At present, grape seed extract proanthocyanidins are widely used abroad. Its disease prevention and health benefits are based on its ability to scavenge free radicals. In addition, it also has good bioavailability, is easy to bind to collagen, stabilizes cell membranes, and resists enzyme activity. These capabilities, together with its antioxidant capacity, make it a promising health product.
