- exposure pathway： 口服后迅速吸收。在皮肤癣菌性甲癣患者中，对所有二十个指甲及相邻5毫米皮肤每日应用一次环吡酮，持续6个月，平均吸收量小于应用剂量的5%。环吡酮胺也能穿透毛发，并通过表皮和毛囊进入皮脂腺和真皮。
- Toxicity summary： 与影响固醇合成的抗真菌药物如伊曲康唑和特比萘芬不同，环吡酮被认为通过与多价金属阳离子（如Fe<sup>3+</sup>和Al<sup>3+</sup>）螯合作用发挥作用。这些阳离子抑制许多酶，包括细胞色素，从而破坏线粒体电子传递过程和能量产生等细胞活动。环吡酮似乎还能修饰真菌的质膜，导致内部结构紊乱。环吡酮的抗炎作用最可能是由于抑制了5-脂氧合酶和环氧化酶。环吡酮可能通过破坏DNA修复、细胞分裂信号和结构（有丝分裂纺锤体）以及细胞内运输的某些元素发挥作用。
- Toxicity Data： LD50：>10毫升/千克（口服，大鼠）（A308）
- Hazard categories and classifications： 眼睛刺激物 2 (96.6%)
- Carcinogen Classification： 对人类无致癌性迹象（未被IARC列出）。
- Drug Induced Liver Injury： 参考文献：DOI:10.1016/j.drudis.2019.09.022
- Effects During Pregnancy and Lactation： ◉ 对哺乳和母乳的影响
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Ciclopirox
Ciclopirox; supplied for laboratory research, analysis, inspection, and scientific procurement use.
